Kediska Sixitaan Isbarbardhigyo Badan

Jawaabaha iyo sharraxaadaha waxay soo baxayaan markaad qaadanayso kediska.

1. With 20 independent true nulls tested at 0.05, what is the approximate chance of at least one false positive?
   • 0.64
   • 0.05
   • 0.20
   • 0.95
2. For 10 tests and family-wise alpha 0.05, what per-test cutoff does Bonferroni use?
   • 0.05
   • 0.005
   • 0.5
   • 0.0005
3. Waa kuwee shuruudaha qaladka ee Bonferroni bartilmaameedsado?
   • Average prediction error
   • Expected fraction of false discoveries only
   • Family-wise error rate
   • False omission rate
4. Maxay FDR ka khusaysaa mala-awaalka la diiday?
   • The variance of all test statistics
   • The chance every rejection is false
   • The probability of any single miss
   • The expected proportion that are false
5. Waa maxay sababta ay falanqeeyayaashu u door bidaan habka FDR ee raadinta weyn?
   • It guarantees each finding is true
   • It can offer more power while controlling a discovery proportion criterion
   • It avoids defining the test family
   • It removes the need for replication
6. Maxaa loo qeexay qoyska mala-awaalka ka hor inta aan la baadhin natiijooyinka?
   • It guarantees independence
   • It makes all p-values equal
   • The family determines which comparisons need joint interpretation
   • It ensures no data are missing
7. Muxuu p-qiimaha la saxay aanu hagaajinayn?
   • The chosen alpha threshold
   • Multiplicity itself
   • The stated family size
   • Confounding or invalid measurement
8. After an adjusted exploratory discovery, what is a useful next step?
   • Seek independent validation or replication
   • Declare a confirmed mechanism immediately
   • Remove all non-significant outcomes from the report
   • Retest until the p-value falls further