کیلیفورنیا SB 53 اور فرنٹیئر AI شفافیت

SB 53 defines a frontier model as a foundation model trained with more than 10^26 integer or floating-point operations, including compute from later fine-tuning or modification. Any developer that has trained such a model is a frontier developer and must publish a transparency report when it deploys a new or substantially modified frontier model. A large frontier developer, one with more than $500 million in annual revenue, must also publish and annually review a frontier AI framework, include summaries of catastrophic risk assessments in its transparency reports, and periodically send the Office of Emergency Services (OES) summaries of assessments of catastrophic risk from internal use of its models. Catastrophic risk means a foreseeable and material risk that a model contributes to the death or serious injury of more than 50 people, or more than $1 billion in damage, in a single incident. The risk must arise through expert-level help with chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear weapons; a cyberattack or serious crime carried out without meaningful human oversight; or the model evading its developer's control. Critical safety incidents include unauthorized access to model weights, harm from a materialized catastrophic risk, and loss of control. Developers may not make materially false or misleading statements about catastrophic risk. The Attorney General enforces the law with civil penalties of up to $1 million per violation. SB 53 also creates a consortium to design CalCompute, a public computing cluster. The law followed SB 1047, also by Senator Scott Wiener, which would have required pre-deployment safety testing, shutdown capability and liability for critical harms. Governor Newsom vetoed it in September 2024 and convened an expert group whose June 2025 report favored transparency with verification. SB 53 does not require licensing, pre-approval or a kill switch.