Anweisungs-Tuning

A pretrained language model learns patterns from its training data, but continuing a text pattern is different from reliably following a user's requested task. A base model might respond to a question with an answer or continue a sequence of questions; its behavior is not uniformly one or the other. Instruction tuning uses supervised examples that pair instructions with target responses. Model parameters are updated so that the predicted response better matches the training target. Tasks can include translation, summarization, classification, and question answering. Research such as FLAN, T0, and FLAN-T5 studies mixtures of prompted tasks and evaluates whether the trained model handles tasks beyond those used in training. Results depend on the data, model, and evaluation; diversity is useful evidence to investigate rather than proof that every new instruction will be followed. Instruction tuning also differs from later preference optimization. In the InstructGPT recipe, supervised fine-tuning is followed by reward-model training from comparisons and a reinforcement-learning stage. That is a particular published recipe, not a requirement that every assistant use identical stages. The LIMA experiment illustrates another configuration: a 65B model was supervised fine-tuned on 1,000 carefully curated prompts and responses without reinforcement learning or human preference modeling. Its reported results motivate attention to data quality, but do not establish that 1,000 examples are sufficient for every model and task. A practical evaluation should distinguish reproducing training responses from following held-out instructions, and should state which training stages were actually used.