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OCR maps visual patterns to characters or tokens. Modern recognizers may use sequence models that predict strings without manually segmenting every glyph. CTC is one training approach for learning alignments between input frames and target sequences. Tesseract is an open-source OCR engine with legacy and LSTM-based recognition modes. OCR does not guarantee correct text, especially for degraded scans, handwriting, rare scripts, or complex page layouts. Tesseract’s Improving the Quality of the Output guide explains that skew degrades line segmentation and recommends rotating text lines horizontal. Handwriting varies between writers and cursive letters can connect, making line and character interpretation less consistent. Donut is a separate OCR-free document-understanding transformer that consumes document images directly and is evaluated on document tasks including visual question answering; it does not make OCR or document answers error-free.