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A closed-set detector predicts from a trained category vocabulary. Open-vocabulary approaches use language representations alongside visual features so inference-time text can specify additional categories. In common embedding-based designs, region features are compared with text embeddings instead of relying only on fixed per-class classifier weights. Image-text pretraining supplies a shared representation, although the training and grounding mechanisms differ across models such as ViLD, OWL-ViT, GLIP, Detic, and Grounding DINO. Novel relative to the box-labeled classes does not necessarily mean absent from all pretraining data. Object detection predicts locations, typically bounding boxes, as well as semantic matches. Evaluate prompts, thresholds, and domain shifts before using predictions as dataset annotations; arbitrary text is not a promise of arbitrary accurate perception.