Recall, Precision and Elusion Testing in Document Review

In technology-assisted document review, recall is the proportion of all truly responsive documents that the process identifies. Precision is the proportion of documents identified as responsive that are truly responsive. A confusion matrix separates true positives, false positives, false negatives, and true negatives against a defined reference classification. These measures answer different questions: high recall can come with lower precision, and vice versa. Elusion estimates how many responsive documents are present in the population the system classified as nonresponsive. It can be easier to sample than the entire responsive population, but low elusion does not always establish high recall, especially when responsive documents are rare. EDRM’s statistical sampling guide warns that inference depends on prevalence and a valid sample, and that derived recall estimates do not automatically inherit the confidence level of their component estimates. Statistical random sampling can support quantitative estimates when the population, coding criteria, sample design, and uncertainty are documented. Judgmental review may help find examples or guide training, but it does not provide the same statistical conclusions. The result is an estimate tied to its sample and assumptions, not proof that every responsive document was found. Teams should define responsiveness with counsel, compare reviewers to a defensible reference standard, and explain limitations in any validation report. The specific protocol should fit the matter and any agreements or court orders.