AI Foundations
Understand what AI is, how systems learn, where they fail, and how to judge claims without hype.
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Understand what AI is, how systems learn, where they fail, and how to judge claims without hype.
Use AI productively while protecting privacy, checking outputs, and preserving human accountability.
Evaluate workplace use cases, run safe pilots, measure value, and communicate changes responsibly.
Analyze AI systems through rights, equity, governance, safety, and public-interest outcomes.
Understand language models, retrieval, agents, evaluation, cost, and deployment safeguards through practical system design.
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Self-play fine-tuning improves a model by having it compete against or learn from its own past outputs, generating its own training signal.
FundamentalsTest-time training (TTT) lets a model keep learning from each new input at the moment it makes a prediction, instead of staying frozen after training.
FundamentalsGrokking is a startling phenomenon where a neural network first memorizes its training data, sits at near-zero validation accuracy for a long time, and then…
FundamentalsOverfitting is when a model memorizes its training data and fails on new examples; underfitting is when it is too simple to capture the real pattern.
FundamentalsRegularization is a set of techniques that deliberately constrain a model so it generalizes to new data instead of memorizing the training set.
FundamentalsBackpropagation is the algorithm that lets a neural network learn from its mistakes by efficiently calculating how much each weight contributed to the error.
FundamentalsGradient descent is the optimization method that actually moves a model's weights downhill toward lower error, one small step at a time.
FundamentalsA loss function is the single number that tells a model how wrong its predictions are, turning a vague goal into something math can optimize.
FundamentalsActivation functions are the small nonlinear gates inside each neuron that let neural networks learn complex, curved patterns instead of just straight lines.
FundamentalsConvolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are the workhorse architecture for understanding images.
FundamentalsRecurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are built to handle sequences like text, speech, and time series.
FundamentalsGenerative Adversarial Networks (GANs) create realistic new data by pitting two neural networks against each other in a contest.
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