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Language AI

Kahneman-Tversky Optimization

Kahneman-Tversky Optimization (KTO) is an alignment method that learns from simple thumbs-up or thumbs-down labels instead of paired comparisons.

2 min readRead
Language AI

Rejection Sampling Fine-Tuning

Rejection Sampling Fine-Tuning (RFT) generates many candidate answers, keeps only the best-scoring ones, and retrains the model on those winners.

2 min readRead
Language AI

Process Reward Models

Process reward models (PRMs) score each individual step of an AI's reasoning rather than just the final answer.

2 min readRead
Language AI

Mixture-of-Agents Aggregation

Mixture-of-Agents (MoA) is a technique where several language models draft answers and then an aggregator model fuses their best ideas into one improved…

2 min readRead
Language AI

Adapter Layers for Transfer

Adapter layers are tiny trainable modules inserted into a frozen pretrained model, letting you adapt it to new tasks by updating only a few percent…

2 min readRead
Language AI

Multi-Head Latent Attention

Multi-Head Latent Attention (MLA) is an attention mechanism, introduced in DeepSeek-V2, that compresses the memory-hungry key-value cache into a small shared…

2 min readRead
Language AI

Medusa Decoding Heads

Medusa is a speculative-decoding method that bolts several extra prediction 'heads' onto a language model so it can guess multiple future tokens at once.

2 min readRead
Language AI

Mixture of Depths

Mixture of Depths (MoD) lets a transformer spend different amounts of compute on different tokens, routing only the 'important' tokens through each layer's…

2 min readRead
Language AI

Mamba and Selective State Spaces

Mamba is a sequence model built on state space models (SSMs) that processes text in linear time, offering a fast alternative to the Transformer's quadratic…

2 min readRead
Language AI

RWKV Linear Attention

RWKV is an architecture that trains like a Transformer but runs inference like a recurrent network, giving linear-time, constant-memory generation.

2 min readRead
Language AI

Sparse Attention Patterns

Sparse attention makes Transformers cheaper by letting each token attend to only a carefully chosen subset of other tokens rather than all of them.

2 min readRead
Language AI

QLoRA and 4-Bit Fine-Tuning

QLoRA is a technique that lets you fine-tune a massive language model on a single consumer GPU by storing the frozen model in just 4 bits per weight.

2 min readRead

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