AI Foundations
Understand what AI is, how systems learn, where they fail, and how to judge claims without hype.
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Understand what AI is, how systems learn, where they fail, and how to judge claims without hype.
Use AI productively while protecting privacy, checking outputs, and preserving human accountability.
Evaluate workplace use cases, run safe pilots, measure value, and communicate changes responsibly.
Analyze AI systems through rights, equity, governance, safety, and public-interest outcomes.
Understand language models, retrieval, agents, evaluation, cost, and deployment safeguards through practical system design.
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ColBERT is a retrieval model that represents each query and document as many token-level vectors and scores them with a fine-grained 'late interaction' step.
Language AIMaximum Marginal Relevance (MMR) is a re-ranking method that balances how relevant a result is against how different it is from results already chosen.
Language AISelf-RAG is a framework where a language model decides when to retrieve, then critiques both the retrieved passages and its own output using special…
Language AIGraphRAG enhances retrieval-augmented generation by building a knowledge graph of entities and relationships from a document collection, then retrieving over…
Language AISkeleton-of-Thought (SoT) is a prompting and decoding technique that first asks a language model to outline a brief skeleton of answer points, then expands…
Language AIChain-of-Verification (CoVe) is a prompting method where a model drafts an answer, generates its own fact-checking questions, answers them independently…
Language AIEntity linking maps mentions of names in text to unique entries in a knowledge base, deciding, for example, whether 'Paris' means the city or the person.
Language AIThe logit lens is an interpretability trick that decodes a transformer's hidden states at every layer into vocabulary predictions, letting you watch a guess…
Language AIInduction heads are attention heads that implement a simple but powerful copy rule: 'I saw [A][B] earlier, and now I see [A] again, so predict [B].
Language AIPosition Interpolation (PI) is a technique that stretches a language model's usable context window far beyond its training length by rescaling positional…
Language AIYaRN (Yet another RoPE extensioN) is a technique that stretches a transformer's usable context window far beyond what it was trained on, with minimal…
Language AIJamba is a large language model from AI21 Labs that interleaves Transformer attention layers with Mamba state-space layers (plus mixture-of-experts) to get…
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