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Language AI

Multi-Token Prediction Training

Instead of predicting just the next token, the model is trained to predict several future tokens at once.

2 min readRead
Language AI

Sparse Autoencoders for Feature Extraction

Sparse autoencoders crack open the tangled activations inside a neural network into thousands of human-readable features.

2 min readRead
Language AI

Constrained and Grammar-Guided Generation

Constrained generation forces a language model to produce output that always conforms to a defined structure, like valid JSON, SQL, or a regular expression.

2 min readRead
Language AI

Watermarking LLM-Generated Text

Watermarking embeds a hidden, statistically detectable signal into text as a language model generates it, so the output can later be identified…

2 min readRead
Language AI

Perplexity and Language Metrics

Perplexity is the classic score for how 'surprised' a language model is by real text — lower means it predicts words more confidently.

2 min readRead
Language AI

LoRA and Parameter-Efficient Tuning

LoRA lets you customize a giant pretrained model by training only a tiny set of new weights instead of all billions.

2 min readRead
Language AI

Constitutional AI

Constitutional AI is Anthropic's method for aligning models using a written set of principles — a 'constitution' — so the AI critiques and revises its own…

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Language AI

In-Context Learning

In-context learning is the surprising ability of large language models to pick up a new task from a few examples placed in the prompt, without any retraining.

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Language AI

Instruction Tuning

Instruction tuning is the training step that turns a raw text-predictor into a model that actually follows instructions like 'summarize this' or 'write…

2 min readRead
Language AI

AI Hallucinations

An AI hallucination is when a model states something false as if it were true — a fake citation, a made-up statistic, a wrong fact — fluently and confidently.

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Language AI

Temperature and Sampling

Temperature and sampling are the dials that control how 'random' or 'safe' a language model's wording is.

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Language AI

Word Embeddings

Word embeddings turn words into lists of numbers so that words used in similar ways end up close together in a mathematical space.

2 min readRead

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