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NYC Local Law 144 requires employers and employment agencies that use automated employment decision tools (AEDTs) for hiring or promotion in New York City to get an independent bias audit each year, publish a summary of the results, and notify candidates before the tool is used.
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It was one of the first laws anywhere to require bias audits of hiring algorithms, and its early record shows both what such audits can reveal and how hard they are to enforce.
The New York City Council passed Local Law 144 in 2021. It took effect on January 1, 2023, and the Department of Consumer and Worker Protection (DCWP) began enforcing it on July 5, 2023. An AEDT is a computational process derived from machine learning, statistical modeling, data analytics or AI that issues a simplified output, such as a score, classification or recommendation, used to substantially assist or replace discretionary decision-making for employment decisions. The final rules read substantially assist narrowly: for example, relying solely on the output, weighting it more than other criteria, or using it to overrule human judgment. Critics argue this lets many employers decide their tools are out of scope. Before using an AEDT, an employer must have a bias audit conducted by an independent auditor within the past year and post a summary online, including the date of the audit, the distribution date of the tool, and selection or scoring rates and impact ratios by sex, race/ethnicity and intersectional categories. Candidates and employees who are NYC residents must receive notice at least 10 business days before use, including the job qualifications and characteristics the tool assesses, and instructions for requesting an alternative process or accommodation. The law does not require the employer to provide that alternative, and it does not set a passing score: an audit showing disparities does not by itself make use unlawful, though federal and state anti-discrimination laws still apply. Penalties are $500 for a first violation and up to $1,500 for subsequent ones. Enforcement has looked weak so far. A 2024 academic study found that only a small fraction of hundreds of employers checked had posted audits, and a New York State Comptroller audit released in late 2025 criticized DCWP's complaint-driven enforcement. A common misconception is that the law bans biased tools; it mainly mandates transparency.
A retailer hiring in Manhattan uses software that ranks applicants by resume match, so it hires an independent auditor, calculates impact ratios by sex and race/ethnicity, and posts the summary on its careers page.
A staffing agency using an AI video-interview scoring tool for NYC roles sends candidates notice at least 10 business days in advance, explaining the tool will be used and how to request an alternative process or accommodation.
A company uses a tool only to schedule interviews and does not use it to score or rank candidates, so it concludes the tool likely does not substantially assist a hiring decision under the rules.
An auditor finds that fewer than 2 percent of the audit data comes from one race category, and the published summary notes that category was excluded from the impact ratio calculation as the rules allow.
Local Law 144 has become a reference point for other proposals, including state bills and the Colorado AI Act, which place hiring among high-risk uses. Its early record has pushed policymakers to consider broader definitions of covered tools, clearer enforcement, and duties that go beyond disclosure. City officials and council members have discussed amendments in response to criticism, though the outcome is uncertain. For employers, the lasting lesson is that impact ratio testing, independent audits and candidate notice are becoming standard practice for AI in hiring regardless of where rules finally settle.
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NYC Local Law 144 requires employers and employment agencies that use automated employment decision tools (AEDTs) for hiring or promotion in New York City to get an independent bias audit each year, publish a summary of the results, and notify candidates before the tool is used. It was one of the first laws anywhere to require bias audits of hiring algorithms, and its early record shows both what such audits can reveal and how hard they are to enforce.
DCWP przyjęła zasady i rozpoczęła ich egzekwowanie 5 lipca 2023 r.
Wskaźnik wyboru każdej kategorii jest porównywany ze współczynnikiem wyboru najwyższej kategorii.
Prawo wymaga powiadomienia co najmniej 10 dni roboczych przed użyciem.
Prawo nakazuje przejrzystość, a nie standard „pozytywny/negatywny”, chociaż nadal obowiązują inne przepisy antydyskryminacyjne.
Wskaźniki punktacji wykorzystują medianę próbki jako punkt odcięcia, a następnie porównuje się je w różnych kategoriach.
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