AI Foundations
Understand what AI is, how systems learn, where they fail, and how to judge claims without hype.
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Understand what AI is, how systems learn, where they fail, and how to judge claims without hype.
Use AI productively while protecting privacy, checking outputs, and preserving human accountability.
Evaluate workplace use cases, run safe pilots, measure value, and communicate changes responsibly.
Analyze AI systems through rights, equity, governance, safety, and public-interest outcomes.
Understand language models, retrieval, agents, evaluation, cost, and deployment safeguards through practical system design.
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Learn superposition and polysemanticity in AI interpretability: why models pack features into shared directions, why neurons become polysemantic…
TechnicalThe logit lens and tuned lens are interpretability techniques that peek at a transformer's hidden states layer by layer to see what the model is 'thinking'…
Language AIWord2Vec is a 2013 technique from Google that learns dense word vectors by predicting words from their neighbors, turning language into geometry where…
Language AIGloVe (Global Vectors for Word Representation) is a 2014 Stanford embedding method that learns word vectors directly from global co-occurrence counts across…
Language AIFastText is a 2016 Facebook AI method that represents each word as a bag of character n-grams, so it can build vectors even for words it never saw during…
TechnicalDeepSpeed (Microsoft) and Megatron-LM (NVIDIA) are the software stacks that make training models with billions of parameters across thousands of GPUs…
TechnicalBitNet is Microsoft's line of research showing that large language models can be trained with weights restricted to just 1 bit, or three values…
TechnicalGPTQ and AWQ are two leading methods for shrinking already-trained language models to 4-bit precision so they run on cheaper, smaller hardware.
Language AIELMo (Embeddings from Language Models) was a 2018 breakthrough that gave each word a representation shaped by its sentence, so 'bank' in 'river bank' differs…
Language AIMatryoshka Representation Learning (MRL) trains embeddings so the most important information is packed into the first dimensions, letting you truncate a long…
Language AIColBERT represents each document and query as many token-level vectors instead of one, then scores relevance by matching every query token to its best…
Visual AINull-text inversion is a technique that lets you edit a real photo with a text-driven diffusion model like Stable Diffusion while keeping everything you…
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