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Language AI

Lemmatization and Stemming

Stemming and lemmatization both reduce words to a base form so that 'running', 'ran', and 'runs' can be treated as one concept.

2 min readRead
Language AI

TF-IDF and Bag-of-Words Models

Bag-of-words turns text into word counts ignoring order, and TF-IDF weights those counts so rare, distinctive words matter more than common ones.

2 min readRead
Visual AI

Vision-Language-Action Models for Robotics

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models are large neural networks that take in camera images plus a written instruction and directly output robot motor commands.

2 min readRead
Visual AI

Diffusion Policy for Robot Control

Diffusion Policy applies the same denoising idea behind image generators like Stable Diffusion to robot control: instead of predicting a single next action…

2 min readRead
Fundamentals

World Models and Learned Simulators

A world model is a neural network that learns to predict how an environment changes over time, letting an AI 'imagine' future outcomes before acting.

2 min readRead
Language AI

Cross-Encoders vs Bi-Encoders

Two ways neural models compare text: bi-encoders embed each piece separately for fast search, while cross-encoders read both texts together for higher…

2 min readRead
Language AI

Abstractive vs Extractive Summarization

Two strategies for shrinking text: extractive summarization copies the most important sentences verbatim, while abstractive summarization writes new…

2 min readRead
Technical

ROUGE and BLEU Evaluation Metrics

ROUGE and BLEU are the workhorse automatic metrics for comparing machine-generated text against human references.

2 min readRead
Visual AI

Make-A-Video Text-to-Video

Make-A-Video is Meta's 2022 system that turns a text prompt into a short video clip without ever training on labeled text-video pairs.

2 min readRead
Visual AI

Imagen Video Cascades

Imagen Video is Google's 2022 text-to-video system that builds a clip through a cascade of seven diffusion models, each adding more frames or more resolution.

2 min readRead
Visual AI

CogVideo and CogVideoX

CogVideo (2022) was the first large-scale open text-to-video model, and CogVideoX (2024) is its far more capable open-source successor from Tsinghua/Zhipu AI.

2 min readRead
Applications

AI in Music Mastering and Mixing

AI mastering and mixing tools analyze a track's frequency balance, loudness, and dynamics, then automatically apply EQ, compression, and limiting to make it…

2 min readRead

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