AI Foundations
Understand what AI is, how systems learn, where they fail, and how to judge claims without hype.
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Understand what AI is, how systems learn, where they fail, and how to judge claims without hype.
Use AI productively while protecting privacy, checking outputs, and preserving human accountability.
Evaluate workplace use cases, run safe pilots, measure value, and communicate changes responsibly.
Analyze AI systems through rights, equity, governance, safety, and public-interest outcomes.
Understand language models, retrieval, agents, evaluation, cost, and deployment safeguards through practical system design.
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Stemming and lemmatization both reduce words to a base form so that 'running', 'ran', and 'runs' can be treated as one concept.
Language AIBag-of-words turns text into word counts ignoring order, and TF-IDF weights those counts so rare, distinctive words matter more than common ones.
Visual AIVision-Language-Action (VLA) models are large neural networks that take in camera images plus a written instruction and directly output robot motor commands.
Visual AIDiffusion Policy applies the same denoising idea behind image generators like Stable Diffusion to robot control: instead of predicting a single next action…
FundamentalsA world model is a neural network that learns to predict how an environment changes over time, letting an AI 'imagine' future outcomes before acting.
Language AITwo ways neural models compare text: bi-encoders embed each piece separately for fast search, while cross-encoders read both texts together for higher…
Language AITwo strategies for shrinking text: extractive summarization copies the most important sentences verbatim, while abstractive summarization writes new…
TechnicalROUGE and BLEU are the workhorse automatic metrics for comparing machine-generated text against human references.
Visual AIMake-A-Video is Meta's 2022 system that turns a text prompt into a short video clip without ever training on labeled text-video pairs.
Visual AIImagen Video is Google's 2022 text-to-video system that builds a clip through a cascade of seven diffusion models, each adding more frames or more resolution.
Visual AICogVideo (2022) was the first large-scale open text-to-video model, and CogVideoX (2024) is its far more capable open-source successor from Tsinghua/Zhipu AI.
ApplicationsAI mastering and mixing tools analyze a track's frequency balance, loudness, and dynamics, then automatically apply EQ, compression, and limiting to make it…
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