AI Foundations
Understand what AI is, how systems learn, where they fail, and how to judge claims without hype.
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Understand what AI is, how systems learn, where they fail, and how to judge claims without hype.
Use AI productively while protecting privacy, checking outputs, and preserving human accountability.
Evaluate workplace use cases, run safe pilots, measure value, and communicate changes responsibly.
Analyze AI systems through rights, equity, governance, safety, and public-interest outcomes.
Understand language models, retrieval, agents, evaluation, cost, and deployment safeguards through practical system design.
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Consistency regularization teaches a model to give the same answer when an unlabeled input is perturbed in small, label-preserving ways.
TechnicalHard parameter sharing is the classic multi-task learning design where several tasks share the same hidden layers and only split into separate output 'heads'…
TechnicalGating and routing let a neural network activate only the parts it needs for each input instead of running the whole model every time.
TechnicalGumbel-Softmax is a trick that lets neural networks 'sample' from discrete categories while still being trainable by gradient descent.
TechnicalThe Straight-Through Estimator (STE) is a simple trick for training networks that contain hard, non-differentiable steps like rounding or thresholding.
FundamentalsGroup Normalization is a technique that stabilizes neural network training by normalizing features within small groups of channels, independently for each…
FundamentalsA Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) is a streamlined type of recurrent neural network cell that uses two gates to decide what information to keep and what to forget…
TechnicalA bidirectional recurrent network reads a sequence both forward and backward, so each position's representation draws on context from the past and the future.
TechnicalAttention rollout is a method for tracing how information flows through a Transformer's stacked attention layers to explain which input tokens influence…
Language AIContrastive decoding generates higher-quality text by subtracting the tendencies of a small, weak language model from those of a large, strong one.
Language AIConstrained beam search forces a language model's output to satisfy hard requirements, like including specific words or matching a grammar, while still…
Language AIMinimum Bayes Risk (MBR) decoding picks the output that is most similar to many other likely outputs, rather than the single highest-probability one.
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