AI Foundations
Understand what AI is, how systems learn, where they fail, and how to judge claims without hype.
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Understand what AI is, how systems learn, where they fail, and how to judge claims without hype.
Use AI productively while protecting privacy, checking outputs, and preserving human accountability.
Evaluate workplace use cases, run safe pilots, measure value, and communicate changes responsibly.
Analyze AI systems through rights, equity, governance, safety, and public-interest outcomes.
Understand language models, retrieval, agents, evaluation, cost, and deployment safeguards through practical system design.
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Test-time augmentation (TTA) runs a trained model on several altered versions of the same input and averages the predictions.
TechnicalNegative sampling and Noise Contrastive Estimation (NCE) are tricks that let models learn over huge vocabularies without computing a costly full softmax.
TechnicalInfoNCE is the contrastive loss that teaches a model to pull matching pairs together and push mismatched pairs apart in embedding space.
TechnicalStochastic Weight Averaging (SWA) takes a simple average of the model's weights from several points late in training instead of just keeping the final…
TechnicalLookahead and Lion are two modern twists on neural-network optimization.
TechnicalMixup and CutMix are data-augmentation methods that create new training examples by blending two images and their labels.
FundamentalsTriplet loss teaches a neural network to place similar items close together and dissimilar items far apart in an embedding space.
TechnicalHard negative mining picks the most informative, difficult-to-distinguish examples to train on instead of wasting effort on easy ones the model already gets…
FundamentalsLabel smoothing is a simple regularization trick that softens hard one-hot training targets, telling the model the correct answer is very likely but not 100…
TechnicalCapsule networks are a neural architecture that groups neurons into 'capsules' that output vectors encoding both whether a feature exists and its pose…
TechnicalReservoir computing is a clever shortcut for training recurrent networks: leave a large, randomly connected 'reservoir' of neurons fixed and only train…
FundamentalsLong Short-Term Memory (LSTM) cells are a special kind of recurrent neural network unit built to remember information across long sequences.
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