AI Foundations
Understand what AI is, how systems learn, where they fail, and how to judge claims without hype.
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Understand what AI is, how systems learn, where they fail, and how to judge claims without hype.
Use AI productively while protecting privacy, checking outputs, and preserving human accountability.
Evaluate workplace use cases, run safe pilots, measure value, and communicate changes responsibly.
Analyze AI systems through rights, equity, governance, safety, and public-interest outcomes.
Understand language models, retrieval, agents, evaluation, cost, and deployment safeguards through practical system design.
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Linear probing tests how good a pretrained model's internal representations are by freezing the network and training only a simple linear classifier on top.
Language AISpeculative sampling speeds up large language model generation by letting a small 'draft' model guess several tokens ahead, then having the big model verify…
Language AIEntropy-based sampling adapts how an LLM picks its next token based on how uncertain the model is at that moment.
TechnicalDenseNet is a convolutional network where every layer receives the feature maps of all preceding layers as input.
TechnicalA bottleneck architecture squeezes data through a narrow intermediate layer before expanding it again, forcing the network to learn compact, efficient…
TechnicalGradient accumulation lets you simulate a large batch size on limited GPU memory by summing gradients over several small mini-batches before updating…
FundamentalsEarly stopping is a regularization technique that halts model training the moment performance on held-out validation data stops improving.
TechnicalTeacher forcing is a training trick for sequence models where the true previous token, not the model's own guess, is fed in as the next input.
TechnicalExposure bias is the gap that appears when a model trained only on perfect prefixes must, at inference, condition on its own imperfect outputs.
TechnicalFocal loss is a modified loss function that down-weights easy examples so a detector can focus on the hard, rare ones.
FundamentalsMomentum is a tweak to gradient descent that accumulates a running average of past gradients, letting optimization roll faster through valleys and dampen…
FundamentalsNesterov Accelerated Gradient (NAG) is a smarter form of momentum that peeks ahead before computing the gradient, giving it a corrective look-ahead.
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